Outsider: an exploration of the social theories of Becker and Elias & Scotson

Abstract

This article examines Becker and Elias & Scotson's theories on the construction and treatment of "outsiders" in modern societies, highlighting both convergences and divergences in their approaches. While Becker focuses on social labeling theory, arguing that deviance is a result of social norms that define certain behaviors and individuals as deviant, Elias and Scotson analyze how power relations between established groups and outsiders perpetuate exclusion and stigmatization. Both theories agree that outsider identity is a social construction, but they differ in their emphases. Becker focuses on the interactional processes and consequences of labeling, showing how norms are applied in ways that maintain social control. On the other hand, Elias and Scotson focus on established power structures that use stigma to maintain the superiority of dominant groups over marginalized ones. The analysis reveals that exclusion and stigmatization are complex processes, sustained by both everyday interactions and historical power structures. This understanding is vital to developing policies and practices that address the underlying causes of marginalization, promoting more effective and equitable social inclusion.